The only inoculation you are required to have by Ecuadorian law is yellow fever (you'll need to show a vaccination certificate) if you're coming from a tropical African or South American country. It's a good idea to have the jab anyway (it lasts ten years) if you're planning to visit the Oriente, where the disease is rare but present. You should also make sure that you're up-to-date with your vaccinations and boosters for polio, tetanus, hepatitis A and B, typhoid and possibly rabies if you anticipate spending time in rural areas or with animals - if you're doing voluntary work, for example - or if you're planning on lots of hikes in the wild. Consult your doctor or a travel clinic at least two months before you leave to discuss your needs. If you're travelling for more than a few weeks, it's also worth having a dental check-up.

Just because you're in an equatorial country, you shouldn't get paranoid about scary-sounding diseases. In reality, most are rare and pose much more of a threat to residents - especially poorer communities with limited access to clean water and healthcare - than tourists. The two illnesses you should be especially vigilant against, however, are stomach upsets caused by contaminated food and water, and malaria - you can dramatically cut the risks of getting either through simple practical steps